Briefly explain St. Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God. Explain one problem that this argument faces.

Explain the argument from things that are possible to be and not to be and from necessity, as set forth by St. Thomas Aquinas, and explain how this argument is supposed to prove that God exists. Explain one problem that this argument faces.

Briefly explain the problem of evil, as set forth by J.L. Mackie in his paper, “Evil and Omnipotence.” Somebody who believes in God might argue that there has to be evil in this world, because the existence of evil is a way for God to test us, to see if we freely choose good over evil. If we choose good over evil, we go to heaven. If we choose evil over good, we go to hell.

Explain one problem that Mackie would see with this argument.

Explain why Thomas Nagel believes that none of us, not even Daniel Kish, can ever know what it is like to be a bat. If Nagel is right, what would this say about the truth of Physicalism?

Explain what a monad is, according to Leibniz. Given the nature of monads, how would Leibniz’s view of reality explain the apparent presence of change in the world and the nature of space and time?

Explain Harry Frankfurt’s notions of a first-order desire, second-order desire, and second-order volition. Why does Frankfurt believe that we do not need to be able to choose or do otherwise in order to have freewill?

What, according to Aristotle, is the unique function of human beings, as opposed to the functions of plants and animals? If Aristotle is right about the unique function of human beings, what does this say about the nature of the virtues and happiness for human beings? What is the relationship between the virtues and the emotions, according to Aristotle?