Describe the biomechanical principles involved in executing the manoeuvre and how the athlete is using them.

First Report – two pages
Topics related to this paper: basic principles of biomechanics principle 6 angular motion and principle 7 conservation of angular momentum and the components of angular momentum( angular velocity, torque, and moment of inertia.

Step 1: find two video online of a professional bowler bowling and an amateur bowler bolwing on youtube. Include the links.

Step 2: For the good performance, prepare a written report that answers the following questions:

Describe the biomechanical principles involved in executing the manoeuvre and how the athlete is using them. You will want to consider at least these items:
angle of release
release velocity
head and body position at release
the arc of travel of the bowling ball
joint and segment angles
segment velocities
Describe what made the performance good. What did the bowler do correctly?
Step 3: For the weaker performance, prepare a written report that answers the following questions:

Describe what made the performance less than perfect. What did the bowler do incorrectly with respect to biomechanics?
Suggest ways for the bowler to improve their performance.

Second Report – two pages
Read a video transcrip that I will upload.
Choose one patient shown in the video and describe how biomechanics approach is helping their rehabilitation and improving their quality of life. Be specific about their issues and details of their rehab program using examples from the video transcript. Explain clearly why it is a biomechanics approach.

Report 3 4 pages
Read this example
Topics relevant to this report the seven basic principles of biomechanics, stability, the three laws of motion, balance, the three lever systems, momentum-linear or angular, and force.
To conduct your analysis, ask the following questions:

Analyzing the professional
Watch this super-slow-motion video of Li Na setting up and hitting a forehand shot. You’ll probably have to watch it several times to catch everything she is doing.

What is the purpose of the skill? What is the player trying to achieve?
How many phases can you divide the forehand motion into, and what do you call these phases?
Describe how force is either generated or absorbed at each phase. What muscles and joints are involved?
Describe the phase(s) where linear motion is most important. What biomechanical principles are involved?
Describe the phase(s) where angular motion is most important. What components of angular motion are involved?
Describe the sequence of joints used in hitting the ball.
Based on your knowledge of biomechanical principles, do you think Li Na could improve her technique? If so, how?
Once you’ve answered these questions to the best of your ability, check out the sample answers below.

What is the purpose of the skill? What is the player trying to achieve?
To hit the ball with as much power, topspin, and control as she can.
How many phases can you divide the forehand motion into, and what do you call these phases?
You can pick any number that makes sense to you. Most students break this skill down into four phases:
Phase 1: set-up
Phase 2: backswing
Phase 3: striking the ball
Phase 4: follow-through
Describe how force is either generated or absorbed at each phase. What muscles and joints are involved?
Phase 1: Linear force produced by legs, especially the knees and quadriceps muscles.
Phase 2: Rotational force produced by the lower back muscles and hips. Linear force produced by the shoulder.
Phase 3: Rotational force produced by the lower back. Linear force produced by the right arm, with each joint flexing in succession.
Phase 4: Rotational force produced by lower back and moment of inertia of the right arm causing the body to turn.
Describe the phase(s) where linear motion is most important. What biomechanical principles are involved?
Linear motion is most important during the set-up phase with the legs and during the strike phase with the muscles and joints of the arm.

The following biomechanical principles are involved:
#1 Stability: During the set-up phase, the centre of gravity is lowered to keep it stable while the legs begin their push off the ground.
#2 Maximum force: During the strike phase, all the muscles of the body are used to power the ball, including the legs, hips, back, shoulder, and arm.
#3 Maximum speed: During the strike phase, all the joints in the arm are flexed in succession from the largest (shoulder) down to the smallest (wrist).
#4 Momentum: During the strike phase, the legs push against the ground and the back muscles push against the hips to generate momentum of the upper body.
#5 Direction of force: During the strike phase the legs are pushing against the ground, causing the body to rise upwards.
Describe the phase(s) where angular motion is most important. What components of angular motion are involved?
Angular motion is most important during the strike phase, using the muscles of the right arm and back, and in the follow-through phase.

The following components of angular motions are involved:

Angular velocity: especially with the wrist snap
Torque: the racquet is held as far away from the body as possible at the moment of impact to generate the most torque
Moment of inertia: the body continues to rotate after striking the ball, partly because of the force of the hit
Describe the sequence of joints used in hitting the ball.
The whole body is used. First the legs extend to raise the body up and start the rotation. Next, the hips rotate to start the rotation of the upper body. As the ball nears the right hip, the shoulder is rotated rapidly with the racquet still lagging behind the body. In rapid succession, the elbow flexes and then finally the wrist flexes and rotates just prior to striking the ball with the racquet. In this way, all the force from the legs, body, and arm is delivered to the ball.
Based on your knowledge of biomechanical principles, do you think Li Na could improve her technique? If so, how?

Analyzing the amateur
Now watch this video of a beginning player practising her forehand shot. You will have to watch it several times to notice everything she is doing.

In your analysis of the beginner, describe what she should do to improve her technique so that it is more like that of the professional player.

Be sure to address these questions:

Divide the beginner’s technique into phases. Do they match Li Na’s?
Describe how the beginning player performs in terms of:
stability
power
control
follow-through
Explain how the beginning player can improve her performance in terms of:
stability
power
control
follow-through
Once you’ve answered these questions to the best of your ability, check out the sample answers below.

Divide the beginner’s technique into phases. Do they match the same ones that Li Na has?

Yes, the beginner uses the same phases – but each phase shows less range of motion.
Describe how the beginning player performs in terms of stability, power, control, and follow-through.
Stability: Her legs are about shoulder-width apart, which is good. However, she doesn’t bend her knees enough to start her forehand. This makes her less stable and less able to apply linear force from the ground.
Power: She lacks power in every way. She could get much more power from her legs, back, and arms.
Control: She has pretty good control.
Follow-through: She completes the follow-through pretty well, with her right arm swinging up to her left shoulder. She does not have much upper-body rotation, though.

Explain how the beginning player can improve her performance in terms of stability, power, control, and follow-through.
Stability: She should bend her legs more as she sets up for the shot. This lowers her centre of gravity and allows her to push off the ground more.
Power: There are many ways she could increase her power. Here are two possibilities:
Use the principle of maximum effort – use all her muscles to make the shot, not just her arms. She should generate much more linear force with her legs and rotational force with her upper body.
Use the principle of maximum velocity – she should start the motion with her shoulder to generate more power from those muscles and to accelerate the racquet. She should finish with a faster wrist snap as well.
Control: Use the principle of angular momentum to put more topspin on the ball. The ball will continue to spin once it leaves her racquet, giving her more control over where it lands.
Follow-through: Rotate upper body more.
Did your analyses identify the major weaknesses in the beginner’s style? If so, you’re now ready to analyze an athletic skill of your choice. If not, you might need to review material from earlier lessons in this unit.

Task 1
Select a movement skill for analysis. The skill should be an isolated activity performed by one individual. Some examples include a golf swing, hockey shot, gymnastics move, throwing an object, swimming stroke, or diving. Do not use bowling or tennis as you’ve already analyzed these.

Obtain video footage of the skill being performed at two different skill levels. One should be an “expert” performing the skill while the other should be a less skilled person such as a beginner (“rookie”). Find it on youtube.

Task 2
C
Divide the skill into distinct phases. For each phase, describe the movement and the biomechanical principles involved in executing the manoeuvre.
In the next series of slides, explain what makes the expert performance so good in terms of positioning, movement, use of power, stability, and control in each of the phases. Be sure to make specific reference to the important anatomical structures, laws of physics, and biomechanical issues involved.
Describe the performance of the less skilled player. What did the athlete do incorrectly with respect to their biomechanics?
Suggest ways that the less skilled player can become more biomechanically correct and efficient while performing the specific movement skill. Be sure to use correct anatomical terminology and terms of movement that you have acquired over the course to date.
Task 3
Submit both your video footage and your slide presentation. Your video footage might be an actual expert and an actual rookie. If you did not create the video, you can send a link to the Internet where it can be found. If you created your own video, you need to upload it to a video file–sharing site and then send the link to your teacher so they can view it. There are instructions on how to do this in your locker. Please note that without the links to your video, your teacher will be unable to mark this assignment and will return it to you as Incomplete.


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